typical vs atypical disfluencies asha typical vs atypical disfluencies asha

Seminars in Speech and Language, 23(3), 181186. Neurobiology of Disease, 69, 2331. winery in maryland with igloos; thick peeling skin around fingernails; holiday inn st pete beach revolving restaurant; metro approved housing in norwalk ohio Manning, W. H., & DiLollo, A. https://doi.org/10.1111/1460-6984.12051, Fuse, A., & Lanham, E. A. A preliminary comparison of speech rate, self-evaluation, and disfluency of people who speak exceptionally fast, clutter, or speak normally. United States Department of Labor. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2010.07.001. The ASHA Leader, 18(3), 1415. SLPs can include teachers in the treatment process by educating them about fluency disorders, involving them in treatment sessions, and having them assist with assignments outside of treatment sessions. Introduction: The importance of the social, emotional, and cognitive dimensions of stuttering. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 31(2), 90115. Depression & Anxiety, 27(7), 687692. Communication apprehension, loss of control, and shame may also develop as individuals experience greater difficulty with communication. Differential treatment of stuttering in the early stages of development. Stuttering and bilingualism: A review. Code of ethics [Ethics]. Self-report of self-disclosure statements for stuttering. The Present Levels of Academic Achievement and Functional Performance statement, which serves as the baseline for the IEP, refers to other areas that are not necessarily academic and can include information about communication skills, social skills, and other activities of daily living. These include when the individual who stutters. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2012.11.002, Yaruss, J. S. (1997). https://doi.org/10.1044/persp1.SIG4.55, Byrd, C. T., Croft, R., Gkalitsiou, Z., & Hampton, E. (2017). The dysfluencies that render concerns of Childhood Onset Stuttering are different than typical disfluencies. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95(1), 321. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 40, 6982. Preus, A. The attitudes of high school peers toward stuttering and toward persons who stutter can be improved through education in the form of classroom presentations about stuttering (Flynn & St. Louis, 2011). When assessing fluency, it is important to consider the impact of fluency disorders on participation in everyday activities. Typical and Atypical Symptoms of Acute Coronary Syndrome: Time to SIG 17 Perspectives on Global Issues in Communication Sciences and Related Disorders, 2(17), 4249. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2008/07-0111), Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (2005). A meta-analysis did find differences in the receptive vocabulary, expressive vocabulary, and mean length of utterance between children who stutter and children who do not stutter, with children who stutter generally performing relatively weaker (Ntourou et al., 2011). Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 also applies to individuals with disabilities in a work setting. It incorporates techniques such as open-ended questions, feedback, reflective listening, affirmations, and summarizing to resolve resistance or ambivalence to therapy. https://doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2003/088), Bricker-Katz, G., Lincoln, M., & Cumming, S. (2013). (1986). https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2011/10-0304), Craig, A., Hancock, K., Tran, Y., Craig, M., & Peters, K. (2002). Cluttering: A synergistic framework. Guttormsen, L. S., Kefalianos, E., & Nss, K. A. Psychological characteristics and perceptions of stuttering of adults who stutter with and without support group experience. typical vs atypical disfluencies asha - giclee.lt One of the most widely used models of change is the transtheoretical or stages of change model (Prochaska & DiClemente, 2005). However, a preliminary prevalence study estimated the rate of cluttering to be between 1.1% and 1.2% of school-age children (Van Zaalen & Reichel, 2017). Differentiating typical disfluencies and stuttering is a critical piece of assessment, particularly for preschool children. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 61, 105713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2019.105713, Douglass, J. E., Schwab, M., & Alvarado, J. Fluency of school-aged children with a history of specific expressive language impairment: An exploratory study. See What To Ask When Evaluating Any Procedure, Product, or Program. Finding opportunities for social support for individuals with fluency disorders. https://doi.org/10.1044/gics4.2.57, Van Zaalen, Y., & Reichel, I. This relationship is recognized as one of the common factors that account for the effectiveness of counseling (common factors theory; Wampold, 2001). B. https://doi.org/10.15027/36895, Wagovich, S., & Anderson, J. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 49(1), 113126. ; American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Self-disclosure involves communicating to others information that reveals ones identity as a person who stutters. Sheehan, J. G. (1970). Atypical Disfluencies are more concerning and are an indicator that stuttering may not necessarily resolve without some type of intervention. Thieme. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 118. Reduced perfusion in Brocas area in developmental stuttering. Individuals learn to identify the thoughts underlying their negative attitudes and emotional reactions and examine the link between these thoughts, attitudes, and emotional reactions and their speech. For school-age children and adolescents, initiation of treatment depends, in large part, on their motivation, which, in turn, is dependent on factors such as their perceived needs, the degree of adverse impact they experience, and their previous treatment experiences. Some examples of disfluencies that are more typical of a person who clutters is excessive whole word repetitions, unfinished words and interjections (such as um and well). Guilford Press. Coworkers may have negative attitudes toward individuals who stutter, and the individual may feel excluded because of this. Peer support for people who stutter: History, benefits, and accessibility. Recurring themes of successful stuttering management in adults have been described as. The frequency and severity of overt stuttering may fluctuate from day to day and in relation to the speaking situation. Differentiating between typical disfluencies and stuttering (i.e., ambiguous and unambiguous moments of stuttering) is a critical piece of assessment, particularly for preschool children (see ASHAs resource on characteristics of typical disfluency and stuttering). https://doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2007/008), Oyono, L. T., Pascoe, M., & Singh, S. (2018). https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2002/088), Craig, A., & Tran, Y. https://doi.org/10.1044/cicsd_31_S_69, Blood, G. W., & Blood, I. M. (2016). Journal of Fluency Disorders, 22(3), 219236. However, there is no evidence to support the idea that stuttering is caused by, or more prevalent in, bilingual or multilingual speakers or that exposure to a second language increases the risk for developing stuttering (Byrd, 2018). increasing self-confidence and self-efficacy. Testing, and 7. Individuals who stutter are more likely to be self-aware about their disfluencies and communication, and they may exhibit more physical tension, secondary behaviors, and negative reactions to communication. For example, stuttering has been associated with higher levels of social anxiety in adults who stutter (Blumgart et al., 2010), and this can lead to fear and avoidance of social interaction (see Craig & Tran, 2006, for a review research on this topic). The American Board of Fluency and Fluency Disorders, under the auspices of ASHAs specialty certification program, offers clinical specialty certification in fluency and fluency disorders. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 36(3), 186193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2007.03.001, Flynn, T. W., & St. Louis, K. O. The epidemiology of cluttering with stuttering. https://doi.org/10.1044/2018_AJSLP-ODC11-17-0189, Chakraborty, M., Chen, L.-F., Fridel, E. E., Klein, M. E., Senft, R. A., Sarkar, A., & Jarvis, E. D. (2017). Goals that focus on minimizing negative reactions to stuttering and difficulties communicating in various speaking situations may help the individual reduce the effort used to hide or avoid their disfluencies and communicate with more ease. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 16(1), 6568. have a sense of belonging and experience less stigma. Increasing the individuals awareness and self-monitoring skills helps to reduce unproductive behaviors that interfere with speech, and it may allow them to alter moments of stuttering so that they have decreased tension, are shorter, and are less disruptive to communication. information regarding family, personal, and cultural perception of fluency. Available 8:30 a.m.5:00 p.m. Workplace in fluency management: Factoring the workplace into fluency management. Self-help and mutual aid groups. https://doi.org/10.1016/0094-730X(86)90028-8, St. Louis, K. O., & Hinzman, A. R. (1988). Improvements in fluency may generalize spontaneously from a treated language to an untreated language in bilingual speakers (Roberts & Shenker, 2007). Clinicians need to understand the interaction of symptoms and the strategies that are most effective for dealing with stuttering and cluttering when they occur together. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 36(4), 290295. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 64, 105761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2020.105761, Frigerio-Domingues, C. E., & Drayna, D. (2017). Additionally, the affective, behavioral, and cognitive features of stuttering are important components of the assessment (Vanryckeghem & Kawai, 2015). These modifications are used regardless of whether a particular word is expected to be produced fluently. As indicated in the ASHA Code of Ethics (ASHA, 2016a), SLPs are obligated to provide culturally and linguistically appropriate services, regardless of the clinicians personal culture, practice setting, or caseload demographics. Prevalence of anxiety disorders among children who stutter. 328). BMJ, 331(7518), 659661. Clinicians and parents also look for reactions, such as avoidance of words or speaking situations, increased physical tension or secondary behaviors, reduced utterance length, or slight changes in pitch or loudness during stuttering episodes. Whurr Publishers. Rethinking covert stuttering. The impact of stuttering on employment opportunities and job performance. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 62, 105725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2019.105725, Plexico, L. W., Manning, W. H., & DiLollo, A. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 29(1), 201215. Resilience and stuttering: Factors that protect people from the adversity of chronic stuttering. Audiovisual recordings of speech can provide useful information to supplement direct clinical observations. (2004). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for adults who stutter: Psychosocial adjustment and speech fluency. The ASHA Action Center welcomes questions and requests for information from members and non-members. Differing perspectives on what to do with a stuttering preschooler and why. Reardon-Reeves, N., & Yaruss, J. S. (2013). For example, English language learners may have word-finding problems in the second language. These signs and symptoms are consistent with the diagnostic and associated features of childhood-onset fluency disorder (stuttering) listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed. The term overt stuttering is used when core speech behaviors are present. Often, there are pivotal points during treatment that indicate progress (T. K. Anderson & Felsenfeld, 2003; Plexico et al., 2005). The purpose of assessing school-age children and adolescents for fluency disorders is to determine the presence, the extent, andmost importantlythe impact of the fluency disorder and the potential benefit from treatment. https://doi.org/10.1044/2019_JSLHR-S-18-0318, Lucey, J., Evans, D., & Maxfield, N. D. (2019). Perspectives on Fluency and Fluency Disorders, 17(2), 49. Children with persistent stuttering showed deficiencies in left gray matter volume with reduced white matter integrity in the left hemisphere. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 11(2), 131149. Fluency refers to continuity, smoothness, rate, and effort in speech production. if monitoring or treatment (direct or indirect) is recommended. Evidence-based practice for school-age stuttering: Balancing existing research with clinical practice. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 38(3), 260274. Stuttering is often more severe when there is increased pressure to communicate (e.g., competing for talk time, giving a report at school, talking on the telephone/during a video chat, or interviewing for a job). Egan, G. (2013). All speakers are disfluent at times. Assessment of speech fluency (e.g., frequency, type, and duration of disfluencies), speech rate, speech intelligibility, and the presence of secondary behaviors in a variety of speaking tasks (e.g., conversational and narrative contexts). Perspectives on Communication Disorders and Sciences in Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CLD) Populations, 20(1), 1523. Stuttering Therapy Resources. There are two predominant types of atypical disfluencies: stuttering and cluttering. Mis- and overidentification of stuttering in bilingual speakers may occur due to typical disfluencies observed in development, code switching, and wording changes to maintain the grammatical integrity of the dominant language. hurricane elizabeth 2015; cheap houses for sale in madison county; stifel wealth tracker login; zadna naprava peugeot 206; 3 days a week half marathon training plan; https://doi.org/10.1044/2020_JSLHR-20-00096. Higher incidence rates of stuttering have been reported in preschool-aged children (11.2%; Reilly et al., 2013), with prevalence estimates reported as 2.2%5.6% (Yairi & Ambrose, 2013). Developmental stuttering in children who are hard of hearing. Language growth predicts stuttering persistence over and above family history and treatment experience: Response to Marcotte. 297325). Journal of Communication Disorders, 80, 8191. Assisting children who stutter in dealing with teasing and bullying. typical vs atypical disfluencies asha Wiig, E. H., & Semel, E. M. (1984). reports changing conception of stuttering from exclusively negative to having positive features. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596, American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. There is not enough epidemiological research to state specific risk factors for cluttering. As children who stutter get older, they may become adept at word and situational avoidances that result in a low frequency of overt stuttering. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 32(1), 5169. https://doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360.0704.62. Relationships among linguistic processing speed, phonological working memory, and attention in children who stutter. Drayna and Kang (2011) found that gene mutations were present in close to 10% of cases of familial stuttering. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2012.05.003, Beilby, J. M., Byrnes, M. L., & Yaruss, J. S. (2012b). Some persons who stutter report psychosocial benefits, including personal and relationship benefits and positive perspectives about stuttering and life. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-730X(97)00008-9, Floyd, J., Zebrowski, P. M., & Flamme, G. A. Assessment of awareness in young children of disfluencies and difficulty in speaking. Identifying correlates of self-stigma in adults who stutter: Further establishing the construct validity of the Self-Stigma of Stuttering Scale (4S). Yaruss, J. S., & Reardon-Reeves, N. (2017). Format refers to the manner in which a client receives treatmentindividually, as part of a group, or both. Acquired neurogenic and psychogenic stuttering are not covered. When a student stutters: Identifying the adverse educational impact. https://doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195165791.003.0007, Proctor, A., Yairi, E., Duff, M., & Zhang, J. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 27(4), 289304. Our primary goals were to identify patterns in overt features of WFDs and to extend our understanding of this clinical profile by focusing on aspects of . (2007) for a description of how the stages of change model can be applied to fluency therapy. intellectual disability (Healey et al., 2005). In D. Ward & K. Scaler Scott (Eds. bringing peers into the treatment setting; planning strategies to use in the classroom, cafeteria, or playground or at work; taking outings to stores and other businesses; and. Parents can also learn about how to help their child generalize skills from the treatment room to different settings and with different people. Self-help conferences for people who stutter: A qualitative investigation. The speaker is thought to be talking at a rate that is too fast for their system to handle, resulting in breakdowns in fluency and/or intelligibility (Bakker et al., 2011). Word-finding problems can also result in an increase in typical disfluencies that are similar to those observed in cluttering. Mindfulness training in stuttering therapy: A tutorial for speech-language pathologists. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 36(2), 110121. Self-efficacy is a positive belief in ones own ability to successfully accomplish a set goal that is task dependent, which comes from (a) past experiences of mastery, (b) vicarious experiences, (c) verbal persuasion, and (d) emotional/physical states (Boyle, 2013a, 2013b, 2015; Boyle et al., 2018; Carter et al., 2017). Given these potential issues, determining dosage often comes down to the professional opinion of the SLP and the needs of the individual. Differences in fluency across languages may be due to the social context in which the language is used (Foote, 2013), as well as the proficiency of each language spoken. Early childhood stuttering and electrophysiological indices of language processing. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 27(3S), 11391151. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 12(2), 243253. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 13(5), 357373. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 46, 114. Speaker and observer perceptions of physical tension during stuttering. https://doi.org/10.1159/000504221, Rollnick, S., & Miller, W. R. (1995). the diagnosis of a fluency disorder (stuttering, cluttering, or both); a differential diagnosis between fluency disorders and reading disorders, language disorders, and/or speech sound disorders; descriptions of the characteristics and severity of the fluency disorder; judgments on the degree of impact the fluency disorder has on verbal communication and quality of life; a determination if the person will benefit from treatment; a determination of adverse educational, social, and vocational impact; parent or family counseling to determine optimal responses to the childs speech and stuttering; and. Stuttering and its treatment in adolescence: The perceptions of people who stutter. https://doi.org/10.1044/2018_AJSLP-ODC11-17-0199. Individuals who stutter may report fear or anxiety about speaking and frustration or embarrassment with the time and effort required to speak (Ezrati-Vinacour et al., 2001). As fear reduces, physical tension and struggle decrease, fluency is enhanced, and the individual is better able to communicate effectively. Motivational interviewing may be used to help individuals who stutter better understand the thoughts and feelings associated with their stuttering and make positive changes to improve communication. In D. Ward & K. Scaler Scott (Eds. Consistent with the World Health Organizations (WHO) International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) framework (ASHA, 2016a; Coleman & Yaruss, 2014; Vanryckeghem & Kawai, 2015; WHO, 2001; Yaruss, 2007; Yaruss & Quesal, 2004, 2006), a comprehensive fluency assessment is conducted to identify and describe. Counseling is an integral part of the assessment and treatment of individuals who stutter or clutter. Barnes, T. D., Wozniak, D. F., Gutierrez, J., Han, T. U., Drayna, D., & Holy, T. (2016). It is helpful to know that typical bilingual or multilingual children tend to produce higher rates of monosyllabic word repetitions, sound repetitions, and syllable repetitions than monolingual speakers. using fillers (e.g., like, um, uh, you know); avoiding sounds or words (e.g., substituting words, inserting unnecessary words, circumlocution); and. Treatment for all communication disorders, including fluency disorders, may necessitate adjustments to protocols, processes, and approaches for bilingual individuals. Resilience in people who stutter: Association with covert and overt characteristics of stuttering. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 56(5), 15171529. Fluency treatment can occur at any point after the diagnosis. The purpose of the screening is to identify individuals who require further speech-language assessment. 115134). Counseling persons with communication disorders and their families. slower rates of language development (Leech et al., 2017, 2019) or co-occurring speech and language impairment (Ntourou et al., 2011; Yaruss et al., 1998). Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 63(9), 29953018. Given that cluttering may co-occur with other disorders (e.g., autism spectrum disorder, Tourettes syndrome, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder), having any of these disorders may be a risk factor; however, not all individuals with these disorders also exhibit cluttering. Clinicians need to be mindful of different beliefs and the stress imposed on the individual and family during treatment. Effectiveness of intensive, group therapy for teenagers who stutter. Board Certified Specialists in Fluency are individuals who hold ASHA certification and have demonstrated advanced knowledge and clinical expertise in diagnosing and treating individuals with fluency disorders. Content for ASHAs Fluency Disorders Practice Portal pagewas developed through a comprehensive process that includes multiple rounds of subject matter expert input and review. Advocating for individuals with fluency disorders and their families at the local, state, and national levels. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 27(3S), 12111223. As suggested earlier, normal disfluencies will appear for a few days and then disappear. (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2015.10.003. (2001). Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups 4:4 (615-623) 15 Aug 2019. Multicultural issues in school settings. Screening of communication when a fluency disorder is suspected and as part of a comprehensive speech-language evaluation. Although some people with cluttering are not aware of their communication difficulties, many are aware that others have difficulty understanding them. Approximately 88%91% of these children will recover spontaneously with or without intervention (Yairi & Ambrose, 2013). Environmental factors include family dynamics, fast-paced lifestyle, and stress and anxiety (J. D. Anderson et al., 2003). Strategies for reducing impairment in body function have been separated into two categoriesspeech modification and stuttering modification, both of which are described below. Defining cluttering: The lowest common denominator. 4566). resilience building within the child and family (Berquez & Kelman, 2018). Journal of Communication Disorders, 85, 105944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2019.105944. This approach to care incorporates individual and family preferences, priorities, and desired outcomes in the selection of treatment goals and treatment methods. Other speech or language concerns are also present. The clinical process for an adult involves. However, these disfluencies are typical and not indicative of a disorder (Shenker, 2013). discussion of personal issues (e.g., prior to, or in addition to, targeting generalization of skills in a group setting). Chronic problems associated with illness, injury, or other traumatic events can have a negative impact on an individuals emotional health and quality of life (e.g., Bonanno & Mancini, 2008). black quartz metaphysical properties; car accident woodbury, mn today; it severely reduces carb intake crossword clue A study of pragmatic skills of clutterers and normal speakers. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1901480116, Harasym, J., Langevin, M., & Kully, D. (2015). Contemporary Issues in Communication Science and Disorders, 25(Spring), 820. These strategies help individuals learn about the speech mechanism and how it operates during both fluent and disfluent speech so they can modify it. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awu400, Choi, D., Conture, E. G., Walden, T. A., Lambert, W. E., & Tumanova, V. (2013). Impact experienced from stuttering, or covert features of stuttering, may include. Cambridge University Press. We believe it is past time to standardize the symptom assessment for MI so that proper and rapid diagnostic testing can be undertaken; however, we cannot standardize . Howell, P., & Davis, S. (2011). Review of previous fluency evaluations and educational records. Recommending related services when necessary for management and treatment in different settings (e.g., classroom, work, community). Ntourou, K., Conture, E. G., & Lipsey, M. W. (2011). Stuttering More than 70 million people around the world struggle with stuttering, according to The Stuttering Foundation. (2020). Journal of Fluency Disorders, 38(2), 171183. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.95.1.3, Langevin, M., Bortnick, K., Hammer, T., & Wiebe, E. (1998). The use of counseling in other areas of the speakers lifethat is, those not directly related to communicationis outside the scope of practice for SLPs (ASHA, 2016b). 255279). Available 8:30 a.m.5:00 p.m. Cumulative incidence estimates of stuttering in children range from 5% to 8% (Mnsson, 2000; Yairi & Ambrose, 2013). Characteristics of Typical Disfluency and Stuttering Differentiating typical disfluencies and stuttering is a critical piece of assessment, particularly for preschool children. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 26(2), 162168. A range of studies support a genetic predisposition for stuttering, but no definitive findings have been made regarding which transmission model, chromosomes, genes, or sex factors are involved in the expression of stuttering in the population at large (Kraft & Yairi, 2011, p. 34). Prins, D., & Ingham, R. J. https://doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2002/005), Bothe, A. K. (2002). Cengage Learning. Dysfluency is a term used for the impairment of the ability to produce smooth, fluent speech. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2016.10.002, Blumgart, E., Tran, Y., & Craig, A. Technological advances and the expansion of social media outlets have increased opportunities for adults who stutter to connect, share, and gain information through the Internet (Fuse & Lanham, 2016; Raj & Daniels, 2017) and stuttering-related podcasts (Dignazio et al., 2020). Seminars in Speech and Language, 28(4), 312322. Cluttering and stuttering do not need to occur in all situations or even a majority of the time to be diagnosable disorders. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38520.451840.E0, Kelman, R., & Nicholas, A. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2012.12.001, Beilby, J. M., Byrnes, M. L., & Yaruss, J. S. (2012a). Appropriate roles for SLPs include the following: As indicated in the ASHA Code of Ethics (ASHA, 2016a), SLPs who serve this population should be specifically educated and appropriately trained to do so. Additionally, there is no documented recovery from cluttering; therefore, duration since onset does not seem to apply as a risk factor. In this way, positive reinforcement is used to increase or strengthen the response of fluency (the desired behavior). B. Stuttering typically has its origins in childhood. Routledge. Consultation with family members, educators, and other professionals regarding fluency variability (when disfluencies are noticed most and least) and the impact of disfluency. Erickson, S., & Block, S. (2013). Clinical characteristics associated with stuttering persistence: A meta-analysis. Luterman, D. M. (2006). perceived communication and job barriers. The SLP can instruct parents in how to modify the environment to enhance fluency and reduce communication pressure. Support activities can be incorporated into group treatment and through participation in self-help groups (Trichon & Raj, 2018), attendance at self-help conferences (Boyle et al., 2018; Gerlach et al., 2019; Trichon & Tetnowski, 2011), and participation in summer camp programs (Byrd et al., 2016). When a bilingual SLP is not available, using an interpreter is a viable option. https://doi.org/10.1159/000486032, Tichenor, S. E., & Yaruss, J. S. (2018). Communication attitudes in children who stutter: A meta-analytic review. Males were reported to be 1.48 times more likely to persist in stuttering than females (Singer et al., 2020). In addition to stuttering-like disfluencies and other typical disfluencies, the children with ASD also produced atypical disfluencies, which usually are not observed in children with typically developing speech or developmental stuttering.